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1.
Rev. bras. ginecol. obstet ; 31(6): 311-319, jun. 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-522248

ABSTRACT

Aloimunização é a formação de anticorpos quando há a exposição do indivíduo a antígenos não próprios, como ocorre, por exemplo, na transfusão de sangue incompatível e nas gestantes, cujos fetos expressam em suas células sanguíneas antígenos exclusivamente de origem paterna. Este artigo se restringe à aloimunização contra antígenos eritrocitários em pacientes obstétricas. Quase todos os anticorpos antieritrocitários podem ser enquadrados em um dos 29 sistemas de grupos sanguíneos já reconhecidos, sendo os mais comumente implicados na doença hemolítica perinatal o anti-D, anti-c e anti-Kell, seguidos por anti-C, anti-E, anti e, anti-Fyª e anti-Jkª. A pesquisa de anticorpos irregulares permite o diagnóstico de indivíduos aloimunizados e modernas técnicas genéticas têm melhor caracterizado estas pacientes para a profilaxia e segmento pré-natal. O tradicional acompanhamento das gestações de risco para a doença hemolítica perinatal, com a espectrofotometria do líquido amniótico e a transfusão intraperitoneal, vem rapidamente sendo substituído pela doplervelocimetria na artéria cerebral média e a transfusão intravascular guiada por ultrassonografia em tempo real. É possível também citar como avanços melhorias nos materiais e na qualidade do sangue transfundido, que, em conjunto, têm elevado a sobrevivência de fetos acometidos. Indubitavelmente, a correta aplicação da profilaxia com uso do anti-D é exitosa com potencial para reduzir os casos de aloimunização.


Alloimmunization is the formation of antibodies when there is an exposition of the individual to non-self antigens, as it occurs, for example, in the transfusion of incompatible blood and pregnancies, in whom the fetus express in its sanguineous cells antigens exclusively of paternal origin. This article is restricted to the alloimmunization against erythrocytes antigens in obstetric patients. Almost all the anti-erythrocytes antibodies can be fit in one of the 29 systems of already recognized sanguineous groups, being more implied in the hemolytic disease of the newborn anti-D, anti-c and anti-Kell, followed by anti-C, anti-E, anti e, anti-Fyª and anti-Jkª. The research of irregular antibodies, to permit the diagnosis of alloimmunizated people, and the modern genetic techniques have better characterized these patients for the prophylaxis and prenatal segment. The traditional accompaniment of the gestations of risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn, with the spectral analysis of the amniotic liquid and the intraperitoneal transfusion, has being quickly substituted for the Doppler ultrasound evaluation in the middle cerebral artery, the intravascular transfusion guided for ultrasonography in real time, beyond improvements in the materials and the quality of the blood, that in set, have raised the survival of the attempting fetus. Doubtlessly, the correct application of the prophylaxis with use of anti-D is successful with potential to reduce the alloimmunization cases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antigen-Antibody Reactions/immunology , Immune System Diseases/immunology , Immune System Diseases/therapy
3.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2009 Jan; 76(1): 51-6
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-82832

ABSTRACT

Stem cell transplantation (SCT) has the potential to transform the lives of children with a wide variety of genetic diseases, ranging from inherent defects of hemopoietic cell production or function through to metabolic diseases mostly affecting solid organs. For these children life expectancy or quality of life would otherwise be very poor. It ranks as one of the most remarkable therapeutic advances of the past 40 years. Despite rapid technological improvements, however, there are still many short term risks and potential long term toxicities. Consequently, the rapid emergence of alternative therapies (including new drugs, enzyme and gene therapies), necessitate constant re-evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio for each disease and hence the appropriateness of SCT. This review describes the major aspects of the transplant process, indications for transplantation, outcome statistics, and areas where alternative therapies are becoming available. SCT remains a highly experimental therapy. Due to the relatively short history of the discipline no data exists on truly long term follow up. This is important as some organs benefit relatively poorly or problems may emerge which were never apparent as part of the untreated disease. The speed of technological change makes randomised trials on these diseases, which are individually quite rare, almost impossible to perform.


Subject(s)
Chimerism , Forecasting , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/therapy , Humans , Immune System Diseases/therapy , Metabolism, Inborn Errors/therapy , Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
5.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2001 Jan; 68(1): 61-7
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-82438

ABSTRACT

During the last 30 years in vivo blood cell separation, generally referred to apheresis, has established a central role in both blood donor programmes and therapeutics. The technological advances in apheresis equipment has made procedures safer, faster and more effective. This article will review the use of apheresis in clinical medicine with emphasis on plasma exchange and peripheral blood stem cell collection. Plasma exchange now has a pivotal role in the management of a range of disorders, specially those with autoimmune pathogenesis. However, Plasma exchange should be practised as one component of an integrated and frequently multidisciplinary approach to management. The harvesting of allogeneic or autologous of peripheral blood haemopoietic stem cells is increased and it has become the principle indication for apheresis in many haematology units. A well coordinated protocol approach to this procedure is important if adequate haemopoietic stems cells are to be collected and safely cyropreserved. This requires successful cooperation between medical, nursing and scientific personnel.


Subject(s)
Antigens, CD34 , Bone Marrow Purging/methods , Cytapheresis/methods , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization , Humans , Immune System Diseases/therapy , Plasma Exchange/adverse effects , Plasmapheresis/methods
6.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 33(2): 86-92, abr.-jun. 1996. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-184436

ABSTRACT

O suporte nutricional empregando nutrientes com propriedades farmacológicas tem sido motivo inúmeras publicaçoes nos últimos anos. Dentre esses nutrientes, a glutamina, que é o aminoácido circulante mais abundante no sangue dos mamíferos, tem merecido especial destaque. Apesar de ser aminoácido nao essencial, a glutamina tem sido considerada nutriente nao dispensável, principalmente em estados catabólicos, quando ocorrem alteraçoes do fluxo inter-orgânico de glutamina, com diminuiçao de suas concentraçoes plasmáticas e na musculatura esquelética. Constitui-se no principal combustível oxidativo das células epiteliais, razao pela qual desempenha papel importante na manutençao da estrutura e das funçoes intestinais. Além disso, a glutamina tem efeitos benéficos na manutençao das funçoes do sistema imunológico, melhora o balanço nitrogenado e os parâmetros nutricionais de pacientes desnutridos em pós-operatório e também reduz a degradaçao protéica em pacientes em estado de intenso catabolismo. Por esses motivos, o enriquecimento de dietas com glutamina deve ser considerado no suporte nutricional de diversas afecçoes e novos estudos controlados, prospectivos e randomizados, devem ser realizados para definir quais grupos de pacientes podem se beneficiar da suplementaçao de glutamina.


Subject(s)
Humans , Enteral Nutrition , Glutamine/therapeutic use , Parenteral Nutrition , Immune System Diseases/therapy , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Glutamine/administration & dosage , Glutamine/metabolism , Neoplasms/therapy
7.
Acta méd. costarric ; 35(2): 67-78, 1992. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-403843

ABSTRACT

Desde hace más de 35 años, con el Trasplante de Médula ósea se abre un campo muy importante en el tratamiento de enfermedades hematológicas, hereditarias o malignas. El avance que han obtenido especialidades como la infectología y la Inmunología ha permitido su uso expandido a nivel mundial, haciendo que cerca de 15.000 pacientes reciban por año dicho tipo de tratamiento. La base de Trasplante de Médula Osea (TMO) es la posibildad de utilizar altas dosis de quimioterapia resguardande el sistema hematopoiético de una lesión letal permanente. Los resultados actuales a mediano plazo son bastante buenos en la gran mayoría de enfermedades malignas (Leucemia, Linfomas). En los Tumores Sólidos los resultados son muy preliminares e insuficientes para ser analizados. En las enfermedades hematológicas hereditarias su potencial curativo es inigualable. Desafortunadamente las complicaciones de este tratamiento tales como: Infecciones oportunistas, Rechazo medular, Reacción de donante contra el huésped, Tumores secundarios, Esterilidad, Cataratas, Fibrosis pulmonar y otros, son de una alta incidencia y su índice de mortalidad es sumamente elevado. El futuro es prometedor y nuevas áreas de la Medicina como la Biología Molecular y celular han incursionado con aplicaciones prácticas como los Factores de Crecimiento Hematopoiético, la detección de la enfermedad mínima residual, la Terapia Génica y la Depuración celular. El TMO es pues un campo que progresa diariamente y que podrían ser en un futuro una excelente posibilidad de cura para algunos de estos pacientes que hoy en día tienen un pronóstico sombrio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bone Marrow , Bone Marrow Diseases , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Immune System Diseases/therapy , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/therapy , Histocompatibility Antigens
10.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-87599
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